无机非金属材料专业英语翻译？中文名称：复合材料英文名称：composite，composite materials 定义：由异质、异性、异形的有机聚合物、无机非金属、金属等材料作为基体或增强体，通过复合工艺组合而成的材料。除具备原材料的性能外，同时能产生新的性能。复合材料中of什么缩写 复合材料中of是GMT缩写，英文是compound material。那么，无机非金属材料专业英语翻译？一起来了解一下吧。
Zip一般翻译为拉链
作为人名翻译为瑞普、泽普
小学英语课本上的有一只叫zoom的熊和zip的松鼠，zoom此时翻译为祖姆，zip可以翻译为瑞普、泽普
Zip一般翻译为拉链 作为人名翻译为瑞普、泽普 小学英语课本上的有一只叫zoom的熊和zip的松鼠，zoom此时翻译为祖姆，zip可以翻译为瑞普、泽普
复合材料的英文单词是“composite”“composites material”还是“composite material”
复合材料(Composite materials)，是以一种材料为基体(Matrix)，另一种材料为增强体(reinforcement)组合而成的材料。composites也是复合材料但绝不是composite，但最好用在有上下文的语句中，或者专业英语中。
composite 本身就有复合材料的意思，名词词性，也有形容词复合的这个意思，你给的第一个和第三个可以，意思相同，但一般一说，只用composite 即可，也比较正规。
5.简述复合材料的分类及其性能特点。
复合材料(Composite materials)，是由两种或两种以上不同性质的材料，通过物理或化学的方法，在宏观上组成具有新性能的材料。各种材料在性能上互相取长补短，产生协同效应，使复合材料的综合性能优于原组成材料而满足各种不同的要求。
复合材料的基体材料分为金属和非金属两大类。
金属基体常用的有铝、镁、铜、钛及其合金。非金属基体主要有合成树脂、橡胶、陶瓷、石墨、碳等。增强材料主要有玻璃纤维、碳纤维、硼纤维、芳纶纤维、碳化硅纤维、石棉纤维、晶须、金属丝和硬质细粒等。
http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=NOL4OVBvhQsC&dq=Materials+Science&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=EYOdzukZQ7&sig=bskKId1Ujx5wNc8wLgAqP7KWILw
材料科学 Materials Science
Materials science or materials engineering is an interdisciplinary field involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of science and engineering. This science investigates the relationship between the structure of materials and their properties. It includes elements of applied physics and chemistry, as well as chemical, mechanical, civil and electrical engineering. With significant media attention to nanoscience and nanotechnology in recent years, materials science has been propelled to the forefront at many universities. It is also an important part of forensic engineering and forensic materials engineering, the study of failed products and components.
History
The material of choice of a given era is often its defining point; the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Steel Age are examples of this. Materials science is one of the oldest forms of engineering and applied science, deriving from the manufacture of ceramics. Modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy, which itself evolved from mining. A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century, when Willard Gibbs demonstrated that thermodynamic properties relating to atomic structure in various phases are related to the physical properties of a material. Important elements of modern materials science are a product of the space race: the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys, and silica and carbon materials, used in the construction of space vehicles enabling the exploration of space. Materials science has driven, and been driven by, the development of revolutionary technologies such as plastics, semiconductors, and biomaterials.
Before the 1960s (and in some cases decades after), many materials science departments were named metallurgy departments, from a 19th and early 20th century emphasis on metals. The field has since broadened to include every class of materials, including: ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, medical implant materials and biological materials.
[edit] Fundamentals of materials science
In materials science, rather than haphazardly looking for and discovering materials and exploiting their properties, one instead aims to understand materials fundamentally so that new materials with the desired properties can be created.
The basis of all materials science involves relating the desired properties and relative performance of a material in a certain application to the structure of the atoms and phases in that material through characterization. The major determinants of the structure of a material and thus of its properties are its constituent chemical elements and the way in which it has been processed into its final form. These, taken together and related through the laws of thermodynamics, govern a material’s microstructure, and thus its properties.
An old adage in materials science says: "materials are like people; it is the defects that make them interesting". The manufacture of a perfect crystal of a material is currently physically impossible. Instead materials scientists manipulate the defects in crystalline materials such as precipitates, grain boundaries (Hall-Petch relationship), interstitial atoms, vacancies or substitutional atoms, to create materials with the desired properties.
Not all materials have a regular crystal structure. Polymers display varying degrees of crystallinity, and many are completely non-crystalline. Glasses, some ceramics, and many natural materials are amorphous, not possessing any long-range order in their atomic arrangements. The study of polymers combines elements of chemical and statistical thermodynamics to give thermodynamic, as well as mechanical, descriptions of physical properties.
In addition to industrial interest, materials science has gradually developed into a field which provides tests for condensed matter or solid state theories. New physics emerge because of the diverse new material properties which need to be explained.
[edit] Materials in industry
Radical materials advances can drive the creation of new products or even new industries, but stable industries also employ materials scientists to make incremental improvements and troubleshoot issues with currently used materials. Industrial applications of materials science include materials design, cost-benefit tradeoffs in industrial production of materials, processing techniques (casting, rolling, welding, ion implantation, crystal growth, thin-film deposition, sintering, glassblowing, etc.), and analytical techniques (characterization techniques such as electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, calorimetry, nuclear microscopy (HEFIB), Rutherford backscattering, neutron diffraction, etc.).
Besides material characterisation, the material scientist/engineer also deals with the extraction of materials and their conversion into useful forms. Thus ingot casting, foundry techniques, blast furnace extraction, and electrolytic extraction are all part of the required knowledge of a metallurgist/engineer. Often the presence, absence or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will have a great impact on the final properties of the materials produced, for instance, steels are classified based on 1/10th and 1/100 weight percentages of the carbon and other alloying elements they contain. Thus, the extraction and purification techniques employed in the extraction of iron in the blast furnace will have an impact of the quality of steel that may be produced.
The overlap between physics and materials science has led to the offshoot field of materials physics, which is concerned with the physical properties of materials. The approach is generally more macroscopic and applied than in condensed matter physics. See important publications in materials physics for more details on this field of study.
The study of metal alloys is a significant part of materials science. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steels) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels. For the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is directly related to the amount of carbon present, with increasing carbon levels also leading to lower ductility and toughness. The addition of silicon and graphitization will produce cast irons (although some cast irons are made precisely with no graphitization). The addition of chromium, nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels (more than 10%) gives us stainless steels.
Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and magnesium. Copper alloys have been known for a long time (since the Bronze Age), while the alloys of the other three metals have been relatively recently developed. Due to the chemical reactivity of these metals, the electrolytic extraction processes required were only developed relatively recently. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are also known and valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios and, in the case of magnesium, their ability to provide electromagnetic shielding. These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratios are more important than bulk cost, such as in the aerospace industry and certain automotive engineering applications.
Other than metals, polymers and ceramics are also an important part of materials science. Polymers are the raw materials (the resins) used to make what we commonly call plastics. Plastics are really the final product, created after one or more polymers or additives have been added to a resin during processing, which is then shaped into a final form. Polymers which have been around, and which are in current widespread use, include polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates. Plastics are generally classified as "commodity", "specialty" and "engineering" plastics.
PVC (polyvinyl-chloride) is widely used, inexpensive, and annual production quantities are large. It lends itself to an incredible array of applications, from artificial leather to electrical insulation and cabling, packaging and containers. Its fabrication and processing are simple and well-established. The versatility of PVC is due to the wide range of plasticisers and other additives that it accepts. The term "additives" in polymer science refers to the chemicals and compounds added to the polymer base to modify its material properties.
Polycarbonate would be normally considered an engineering plastic (other examples include PEEK, ABS). Engineering plastics are valued for their superior strengths and other special material properties. They are usually not used for disposable applications, unlike commodity plastics.
Specialty plastics are materials with unique characteristics, such as ultra-high strength, electrical conductivity, electro-fluorescence, high thermal stability, etc.
It should be noted here that the dividing line between the various types of plastics is not based on material but rather on their properties and applications. For instance, polyethylene (PE) is a cheap, low friction polymer commonly used to make disposable shopping bags and trash bags, and is considered a commodity plastic, whereas Medium-Density Polyethylene MDPE is used for underground gas and water pipes, and another variety called Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene UHMWPE is an engineering plastic which is used extensively as the glide rails for industrial equipment and the low-friction socket in implanted hip joints.
Another application of material science in industry is the making of composite materials. Composite materials are structured materials composed of two or more macroscopic phases. An example would be steel-reinforced concrete; another can be seen in the "plastic" casings of television sets, cell-phones and so on. These plastic casings are usually a composite material made up of a thermoplastic matrix such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in which calcium carbonate chalk, talc, glass fibres or carbon fibres have been added for added strength, bulk, or electro-static dispersion. These additions may be referred to as reinforcing fibres, or dispersants, depending on their purpose.
[edit] Classes of materials (by bond types)
Materials science encompasses various classes of materials, each of which may constitute a separate field. Materials are sometimes classified by the type of bonding present between the atoms:
Ionic crystals
Covalent crystals
Metals
Intermetallics
Semiconductors
Polymers
Composite materials
Vitreous materials
[edit] Sub-fields of materials science
Nanotechnology – rigorously, the study of materials where the effects of quantum confinement, the Gibbs-Thomson effect, or any other effect only present at the nanoscale is the defining property of the material; but more commonly, it is the creation and study of materials whose defining structural properties are anywhere from less than a nanometer to one hundred nanometers in scale, such as molecularly engineered materials.
Microtechnology - study of materials and processes and their interaction, allowing microfabrication of structures of micrometric dimensions, such as MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS).
Crystallography – the study of how atoms in a solid fill space, the defects associated with crystal structures such as grain boundaries and dislocations, and the characterization of these structures and their relation to physical properties.
Materials Characterization – such as diffraction with x-rays, electrons, or neutrons, and various forms of spectroscopy and chemical analysis such as Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), chromatography, thermal analysis, electron microscope analysis, etc., in order to understand and define the properties of materials. See also List of surface analysis methods
Metallurgy – the study of metals and their alloys, including their extraction, microstructure and processing.
Biomaterials – materials that are derived from and/or used with biological systems.
Electronic and magnetic materials – materials such as semiconductors used to create integrated circuits, storage media, sensors, and other devices.
Tribology – the study of the wear of materials due to friction and other factors.
Surface science/Catalysis – interactions and structures between solid-gas solid-liquid or solid-solid interfaces.
Ceramography – the study of the microstructures of high-temperature materials and refractories, including structural ceramics such as RCC, polycrystalline silicon carbide and transformation toughened ceramics
Some practitioners often consider rheology a sub-field of materials science, because it can cover any material that flows. However, modern rheology typically deals with non-Newtonian fluid dynamics, so it is often considered a sub-field of continuum mechanics. See also granular material.
Glass Science – any non-crystalline material including inorganic glasses, vitreous metals and non-oxide glasses.
Forensic engineering – the study of how products fail, and the vital role of the materials of construction
Forensic materials engineering – the study of material failure, and the light it sheds on how engineers specify materials in their product
[edit] Topics that form the basis of materials science
Thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, kinetics and physical chemistry, for phase stability, transformations (physical and chemical) and diagrams.
Crystallography and chemical bonding, for understanding how atoms in a material are arranged.
Mechanics, to understand the mechanical properties of materials and their structural applications.
Solid-state physics and quantum mechanics, for the understanding of the electronic, thermal, magnetic, chemical, structural and optical properties of materials.
Diffraction and wave mechanics, for the characterization of materials.
Chemistry and polymer science, for the understanding of plastics, colloids, ceramics, liquid crystals, solid state chemistry, and polymers.
Biology, for the integration of materials into biological systems.
Continuum mechanics and statistics, for the study of fluid flows and ensemble systems.
Mechanics of materials, for the study of the relation between the mechanical behavior of materials and their microstructures.
材料科学
材料是人类可以利用的物质，一般是指固体。
材料不错，除了冶金专业的就是材料的最好了，基础课如高数，英语，电工学等，相关课程有普通化学，工程力学等，还有其他专业课程
以上就是无机非金属材料专业英语翻译的全部内容，问题补充：Nonferrous Metals Nonmetallic Materials 麻烦翻译达人了！补充这句是有点问题，Nonferrous Metals是有色金属。Nonmetallic Materials是非金属材料。用有色金属制非金属材料齿轮显然不对，我把那句翻成用非金属材料制非金属齿轮了。你对照下原文再。
