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语言学英语,英语语言学包括什么

  • 英语
  • 2023-04-28
目录
  • 英语语言学包括什么
  • 语言学英语怎么读
  • 英语语言学的认识和理解
  • 英语词汇构成法
  • 语言现象有哪些方面

  • 英语语言学包括什么

    英语语言学要怎么学

    眯秸学习都包括哪些内容?

    无论你花费了多大的心血,如果没有一个明确的方向,就会过得很茫然菲荚

    真的前闷裤有毅力想学好,背课文!记笔记!坚持背,非常有效!要点如下:第一章 绪 论

    领会掌握和理解语言学研究范畴,人类语言的区别性特征以及语言学研究中的重要概念:规定性和描述性;共时性和历时性;口头语和书面语;语言和言语;能力和运用。

    识记定义:语言学、语言、任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性、文化传递性

    第二章 音系学

    领会掌握音系学和语音学的相似性和相异性、音系的序列规则、同化规则和省略规则;超音位特征对语义的影响;了解人类的发音器官、母音和子音的分类原则,并能利用这些原则对语音进行分类与识别。

    识记语音学、宽式和严式标音法、音素、音位、音位变体、音位对立、互补分布、最小对立对以及超音位特征。

    第三章 形态学

    领会掌握构词规则和构词方法、和复合法的书写特征、句法特征、语义特征和语音特征。

    识记形态学、语素、自由语素、黏着语素、词根、词缀、屈折词缀、派生词缀。

    第四章 句法学

    领会理解句子的基本成分和型别、句子的组合规则、句子的线性与层次性、深层与表层关系以及普遍语法原则。

    识记句法学、层次结构、语法范畴、语法关系、短语结构规则、X-标杆理论、普遍语法。能利用所学的语法学知识分析相关问题。

    第五章 语义学

    理解掌握语义研究的几种主要理论:命名论、意念论、语境论、行为主义论;主要的意义关系;意义分析的两种形式:成分分析和述谓结构分析;句子间的语义关系:如:同义关系、矛盾关系、蕴涵关系、预设关系、矛盾句、语义反常等。

    识记定义语义学、意义、所指、同义关系:方言同义词、文体同义词、表情意义和评价意义相异的同义词、搭配同义词、语义相异的同义词;反义关系:可分等级反义词、互补反义词、关系反义词;多义现象;同形同音异义现象;上下义关系。

    第六章 语用学

    领会掌握语用学与传统语义学的区别、语境、句子语义与话语语义的区别、言有所为与言有所述的区别;言内行为、言外行为和言和行为;Searle的言外行为分类以及阐述类,指令类,承诺类,表达类和宣告类的言外之的;能够使用言语行为理论和会话原则解释一些语言现象。

    识记定义语用学、合作原则、数量准则、质量准则、关系准则和方式准则;

    第七章 历史语言学

    领会掌握研究语言变化的目的与意义;语言变化的本质;英语历史发展的主要阶段以及各个阶段的特点;英语的语音变化、形态变化、句法变化、词汇变化、语义变化慧简;语系的划分,尤其是印欧语系;语言变化的原因:如语音同化、规则的简化、内部借用、规则的细化、社会因素和文化传播等。

    识记历史语言学、历时语言学、原始语、语系、同源词、古英语、中古英语、母音大变位、词尾音脱落、插入音、语音变位;合成法、派生法、首字母缩略法、混合法、缩写法、略写法、逆成法等;语义的广义化、语义的狭义化、语义的演变等。

    第八章 社会语言学

    领会掌握语言与社会的关系,交际场罩宴景中各种社会因素对语言使用的影响;明确语言使用中的各种变体的本质特征,如地域变体、社会变体、语域变体等;理解黑人英语的语言特征、男性与女性的言语特征;弄清禁忌语和委婉语的本质联络,称呼语与社会因素的联络;双言与双语现象、共同语(Linguo franca)与洋径浜语(pidgin)以及标准语与非标准语的相似性和相异性。

    识记定义社会语言学、言语社群、社会方言、地域方言、个人言语、语域、标准语、通用语、洋径浜语、克里奥尔语、双言现象、双语现象、民族方言、教育变体、年龄变体、性别变体、称呼语、俚语、禁忌语、委婉语。

    第九章 心理语言学

    领会掌握语言的生理基础、语言侧化、语言的中枢、语言习得的关键期以及语言与思维的关系;盖奇案例、吉妮案例以及两耳分听实验的语言学意义;各种功能在左右脑中的侧化以及语言中枢中的布罗卡区、韦尼克区和角形脑回在语言感知、理解和表达中的作用;了解有关语言与思维关系的一些早期观点;弄清萨丕尔—沃尔夫假设,并能够从词和意义的关系,语法结构,语言的可译性,第二语言习得,语言与世界观等方面对萨丕尔——沃尔夫假设进行批判;明确语言的主要功能以及语言对思维的影响。

    识记定义:心理语言学、大脑皮层、侧化、右耳优势、关键期、语言决定论、语言相对论、萨丕尔—沃尔夫假设、自我交际、无声言语、有声思维

    第十章 语言习得

    领会掌握人类语言能力的生理基础和发展过程;语言习得主要是语法规则的习得;第一语言习得与第二语言习得的相异性和相似性;第一语言习得发展过程的各阶段、各阶段儿童语言的特征以及第一语言习得中语言输入、交流的作用,语言教学的作用,纠错与强化的作用和模仿的作用;Krashen有关习得与学习的区别;第二语言习得中语言输入的作用,教学的作用以及年龄、动机、语言文化输入、个性等个人因素对第二语言习得的影响。

    识记定义:语言习得、幼儿保育人言语、行为主义的学习理论、独词句、双词句、多词句、电报式言语、语言转移、干扰、对比分析、语际语、语言僵化、动机、介入性动机、性动机、语言文化移入等。

    英语语言学该怎么学?

    那个说实话 确实是很难的 如果你不考研,平常看看就行了,也就是应付下考试,走到社会上工作完全没有任何作用。如果你考研的话 就得好好学了,首先是单词吧 单词太多生词了 你得一点点啃,其次是要理解很多概念性的 不要死记硬背 那样过几天就忘记了。

    本科英语语言学怎么学

    看书,做习题,背相应的概念,找例子,这几步真正做到了就没什么问题了,语言学完全可以自学的

    英语语言学教程怎么学

    英语是一门语言,学习语言的根本在于记忆。把概念记住并理解,认真的记忆一定能学好。

    教程只是基础,真心想学好,需要扩充套件

    英语语言学是英语语言文学专业培养计划中的一门基础必修课,其重要性不言而喻。该课程的目标包括传授现代语言学知识、提高学生英语学习能力、激发学生对从事语言研究的兴趣,培养学生的创新能力等。

    大学英语语言学怎么学

    从语言的实际考证 比如导论 语言的基本特点 区别性特征 都是很有实际意义的 语音学 总就纠正自己的发音 音系学 什么重音了 重音不同 语义也会不同 词汇学形态学 构词法 从自己的实际出发 激发兴趣 你会有很大收获的

    怎么学好英语语言学啊

    天天背单词...多读..多听..贵在一个坚持...坚持...还是坚持...

    英语语言学题目

    看不到 你把单词打出来吧

    英语语言学论文

    广告语的语用分析,预设,会话含义方面

    人物语言的语用分析,礼貌原则,会话含义,会话分析方面

    也可以写语用学在教师课堂用语方面的,比如unfair presupposition

    再具体点就去搜相关论文吧

    语言学英语怎么读

    1. 语言学

    1)如果指研究人类语言的性质和结构的学科,可以翻译为:Linguistics

    2)如果指历史比较语言文裤毁献学,可以翻译为:Philology

    2.应用语言学

    应该理解为前者,翻译为:Applied Linguistics

    其他如 applied mathematics 应用数学; applied physics 应用物理学也胡辩备都是这样翻译的。

    3)语灶扒言学与应用语言学——两种翻译如下:

    Linguistics andApplied Linguistics

    Philologyand Applied Linguistics

    英语语言学的认识和理解

    英语语言学名词解释如下:

    英语语言学是英语语言文学专业培养计划中的一门基础必修课,其重要性不言而喻。该课程的目标包括传授现代语言学知识提高学生英语学习能力、激发学生对从事语言研究的兴趣,培美学生的创新能力。英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成:理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。

    理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识、英语变体、英语学习策略等。基础理论模块由英语语言学概论执行,内容涉及语言的各种属性、语言学的学科知识、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、语言与心理、语与文化、进言习得等。

    研究方游乱法模块通过介绍语言学研究的设计与分析方法,帮助学生掌握从事语言研究的本领,并直接与本科毕业论文的写作挂钩。材料补充:英语语言文学专业培养专业功底扎实、专业技食熟练、知识结构完善、国碧磨腊际视野宏阔、具有良好人文修美和深厚人文情怀,具有较强思辨力、领导力和创新力的通用型国际化高端英语人才。

    英语语言文学专业培养目标:培养学生具有坚定正确的政治方向、良好的品德修养、健康的心理素质。英语语言文学专业培养厚基础、宽口径的英语实用型人才,熟练掌握听、说、读、写、译等实践技能,深刻了解英语语言、文学以及英语国家历史、社会、文化、政治、经济等知识。

    并具有扎实的实践能力和比较广博的人文社会科学文化知识和初步的科学研究能力。同时,在第二外语和计算机方面具悔滑有一定的应用能力。其就业方向:能熟练地运用英语在旅游、外事、文化、新闻出版、教育、科研等部门从事教学、翻译、研究、教学、管理等工作。

    英语词汇构成法

    语言学是对语言的培仔大研究,对于一个学习英语的人来说,应该懂一点语言学的知识,它可以在理论上对学习语言有指导作用,有助于更好的学习语言,下面介绍一点语言学知识.

    I. Introduction

    1. What is Language

    Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

    2. What is Linguistics(语言学)

    Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

    3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics

    3.1 Speech and Writing

    One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.

    3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明戚睁性)

    A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.

    3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies

    The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

    3.4 Langue(语配竖言) and Parole(言语)

    This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔)early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.

    3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)

    Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).

    4.The Scope of Linguistics

    General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.

    Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.

    Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.

    Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.

    Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.

    Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.

    Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.

    Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.

    Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.

    Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.

    Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.

    Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.

    Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.

    Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer.

    II. Phonetics(语音学)

    1. scope of phonetics

    Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:

    Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调) in the process.

    Auditory phonetics (听觉语音学)we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节) by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经) and the brain.

    Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted(传送) between mouth and ear.

    2. The vocal organs

    The vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官) the producer of voice(声音发生器官) and the resonating cavities.(声音共振器官)

    3. Consonants(辅音)

    Places of articulation(发音部位): bilabial,(双唇) Labiodentals,(唇齿) dental,(齿) alveolar,(齿龈) retroflex,(卷舌) palate-alveolar,(上齿龈) palatal,(上颚) velar,(软腭) uvular,(小舌) glottal(声门)

    Manners of articulation: plosive,(暴破) nasal,(鼻音) trill,(颤音) lateral,(边音) fricative,(摩擦) approximant,(近似音) affricate(破擦)

    4. Vowels (元音)

    The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)

    III. Phonology(音韵学)

    1. phonemes(音素):a distinctive(有区别的) sound in a language.

    2. Allophones(音位变体):The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.

    3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体): word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.

    4. Free variation (自由变异):If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境), they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.

    5. Complementary distribution(补充分类):Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment

    6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位):the study of phonological properties(性质) of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节), stress,(重音) word stress, sentence stress. pitch (音调)and intonation(语调).

    IV. Morphology(词法)

    1. inflection(构形法):the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀)

    2. Word-formation(构词):the processes(过程) of word variations signaling lexical relationships.(表明词法关系) They are compound(合成)and derivation (派生).

    3. Morpheme(词素): the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.

    4. Allomorph(同质异象变体): some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.

    5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根) affix(词缀) and stem(词干).

    6. Lexicon(语言词汇):in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.

    7. Closed-class words(封闭性) and open-class words(开放性):the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实际上) indefinite or unlimited.

    8. Word class(词性):It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.

    9. Lexeme(词位):the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.

    10. Idiom(习语,成语):Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(词序) which is semantically(语义上) and often syntactically(句法上) restricted.(限制)

    11. Collocation(搭配): the habitual(习惯的) co-occurrences (同时出现)of individual lexical items.

    V. Syntax (句法)

    1. Positional relation or word order(词序):the sequential(顺序) arrangement of words in a language.

    2. Construction or constituent (句子结构): the overall process of internal (内部)organization of a grammatical unit .

    3. Syntactic function(句法功能): the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修饰语) complements(补语), etc.

    4. Category(范畴):It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.

    5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.

    6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.

    7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.

    VI. Semantics

    1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主义):Following F. De Saussure(索学尔)'s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier (所指)and signified(被指), i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological(心理的) "associative" bond.(相关联系)

    2. Mechanism(机械主义):Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德) for example, turned to science to counter(反)-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach(方法). The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.(智力现象)

    3. Contextualism (语境主义):It is based on the presumption(假定) that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.

    4. Behaviorism (行为主义):Behaviourists attempt to define (定义)the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景) in which the speaker utters(说话) it and the response(反应) it calls forth in the hearer."

    5. functionalism (功能主义):Functionalists as represented (代表)by the Prague school(布拉格学派) linguists and neo-Firthian (新弗斯)linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation(方法). They argue(争辩) that meaning could only be interpreted(解释) from its use or function in social life.

    6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同义词),antonymy(反义词),hyponymy(下层次)Polysemy(一词多义)and Homonymy (同音异义词)

    7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential(成分) analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意义成分)2) predication (表述)analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.

    VII. Language Variation (语言变化)

    1. Lexical change(词汇的变化):changes in lexis.

    2. Invention: (新造词)new entities.

    3. Compounding:(合成词)New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.

    4. Blending: (混合词):It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots.

    5. Abbreviation or clipping:(缩写)A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part.

    6. acronym:(取首字母的缩写词)It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修饰) headword.

    7. Metanalysis:(再分化)It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note before.

    8. Back-formation:(逆构词) It refers to an abnormal(非正常) type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉) an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.

    9. Analogical creation:(类比造词)It can account for(说明) the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合) of some English verbs.

    10. Borrowing(借用):English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.

    11. Phonological change(音变):It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音) addition,(加音) assimilation,( 同化)dissimilation.(异化)

    12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology(词法) and syntax(句法) are listed under this heading.

    13. Semantic change:(语义变化)It includes broadening,(语义扩大) narrowing,(语义缩小) meaning shift,(意义转化) class shift(词性转换) and folk etymology.(词源变化)

    14. Orthographic change :(正字法)Changes can also be found at the graphetic level.

    语言现象有哪些方面

    英语语言学是英语语言文学专业培养计划中的一门基础必修课,其重要性不言而喻。该课程的目标包括系斗碰统传授现代语言学知识、提高学生英语学习能力、激发学生对从事语言研究的兴趣,培养学生的创新能力等。

    采取的解决方法包括:积极探索教学手段和方法的革新,尝试运用研究性教学的教学路线,注重理论联系实际,充分运用互联网和现代教育技术,编写课程电子教案,实施课程网络化,拓展课程教学资源,最终实现课程趣味性、性、自主性、先进性和科学性的有机结合。

    扩展资料:

    课程简介

    英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成:理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识态销悉、语体知识、英语变体、英语学习策略等。

    基础理论模块由英语语言学概论执行,内容涉及语言的各种属性、语言学的学科知识、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、帆乎社会语言学、语言与心理、语言与文化、语言习得等。

    研究方法模块通过介绍语言学研究的设计与分析方法,帮助学生掌握从事语言研究的本领,并直接与本科毕业论文的写作挂钩。

    参考资料-英语语言学

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